The Marketing Plan Of Otto Bock Australia - 3868 Words

Executive Summary Otto Bock Australia is launching a new product the Sport Genx Prosthetic Knee to position the company in the sports prosthetic market. Accordingly, a marketing plan has been produced that is consistent with the social enterprises values being that of restoring quality of life to people with disabilities. The positioning of the brand will be based on the following positioning statement - To target people with disabilities who have lost limbs by providing microprocessor or manually controlled prosthetic solutions and rehabilitation in order restore to them a quality of life. The implementation of the NDIS means that annually over $20m will be allocate to expenditure on medical devices for disabled people. Ordinarily,†¦show more content†¦The goal of each product developed is to improve the mobility of the person using it and all products are made by hand without large production lines. Otto Bock is active in social responsibility through the Paralympics and other sporting events, through the Otto Bock foundation supporting children that have lost limbs in natural disasters, education of health professionals and lastly through the huge proportion of profits that go into the research and development of new products. Otto Bock is a commercial enterprise as well as it strives for economic success through the selling of high end electronically controlled prosthetics to higher net worth individuals. In Australia Otto Bock started in 1974 (Otto Bock Australia, 2015) and has a local head office in Baulkham Hills Sydney, notwithstanding the fact that it operates across the country. All employees live by the values of customer satisfaction and returning quality of life to all people that the company service. Macro-environmental analyses A well-known marketing book (Armstrong, Adam, Denize, Kotler, Principles of Marketing, 2015) lists the following environmental factors influencing the company from a macro point of view: political, economic, social and cultural (society’s values) and technological. Political A research paper (Buckmaster, 2016) explains how the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) introduced in 2016 will

History of Indian Airlines Free Essays

Brief History of Indian Airlines India’s chiefly domestic state-owned carrier, Indian Airlines Ltd. , flies passengers and cargo to 59 domestic and 16 international destinations. Its fleet numbered 52 aircraft in 2000. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Indian Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indian Airlines has traditionally based its network around the four main hubs of Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta, and Chennai (formerly Madras). The airline carries about six million passengers a year and has a substantial freight operation. Origins The Air Corporations Act of 1953 amalgamated India’s dozen or so airlines, most of them undercapitalized, into two nationalized air carriers: Air-India Ltd. given responsibility for international routes, and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), the domestic airline. The eight airlines that were amalgamated into IAC included Air Services of India Ltd. , Airways (India) Ltd. , Bharat Airways Ltd. , Deccan Airways Ltd. (already 70 percent government-owned), Himalayan Aviation Ltd. , Indian National Airways Ltd. , Kalinga Airlines, Ltd. , plus the domestic operations of Air-India Ltd. IAC began operations with a fleet of 74 of the war surplus Douglas DC-3s that had founded its short-lived predecessors. The airline also had thr ee times as many employees as it needed, writes R. E. G. Davies, a situation that was slow to change due to the government’s refusal to allow layoffs. Davies also writes that the standard of maintenance was low and the airline suffered many accidents in its early years. IAC soon moved to bolster its fleet by ordering a few new de Havilland 114 Herons, retired after only a couple of years of service, and Vickers Viscount 768s, which were assigned to trunk routes. The DC-3s continued to supply feeder traffic; they soon began to be phased out by Fokker F-27s and Avro 748s. IAC began flying short-haul jets–French-made Caravelles–in the mid-1960s. The Caravelles were so popular that IAC soon needed larger jets to on the routes between Bombay (Mumbai), Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras (Chennai) that formed the India’s domestic trunk network. IAC’s first Boeing 737s entered service in 1971. Between 1962 and 1972, IAC was called upon to support the military in several campaigns, first in skirmishes with China, and later with the wars with Pakistan that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh. Confidence and Crisis in the 1970s and 1980s IAC announced a Rs45 million loss for 1972. The next year, the company had several incidents of aircraft damage or loss. Labor unrest, high fuel costs, political burdens, and built-in inefficiencies added to the company’s problems. However, these were met with such resolve that IAC had the confidence to order its first wide-body jets, Airbus A300s, in 1975. A program to produce ground support equipment in Indian factories was part of the deal. In 1976, new routes stretched across political divisions to Kabul, Afghanistan, in the northwest, and the Maldive Islands in the south. The government allowed the formation of a few new limited service airlines in the 1970s: Air Works India, Huns Air, and Goldensun Aviation. None of them had long life spans. Around 1979, IAC dropped the word â€Å"Corporation† from its name. Another national airline, Vayudoot, was formed in 1981 and tasked with carrying feeder traffic from India’s smaller communities. Indian Airlines’ managing director, Gerry Pais, was Vayudoot’s part-time chairman. Vayudoot was serving more than 100 destinations within India by 1990. The government also set up a helicopter corporation to serve off-shore oil fields. Britain’s  Financial Times  described Indian Airlines as the world’s third largest domestic carrier in the mid-1980s. With business growing at better than ten percent a year, it was increasing its capacity. Indian Airlines ordered a dozen of the new Boeing 757s in August 1984. After Rajiv Gandhi, a former Indian Airlines pilot, became prime minister, this order was changed to Airbus A320s due to what were perceived as political reasons. However, the crash of an Indian Airlines A320 in Bangalore on February 14, 1990–the type’s second major crash globally in a two-year period–sorely tested management’s faith in the plane, which featured new fly-by-wire flight controls and electronic cockpit instrumentation. As part of a plan to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India, the state’s international carrier, two leading young industrialists were appointed to chair the boards of the two companies in autumn 1986. Neither these plans nor the new chairmen lasted very long. In 1987, Indian Airlines carried 10 million passengers and earned a profit of Rs630 million ($48 million). However, the quality of its service was facing criticism, to be heightened by the coming entry of new carriers into the market. India’s chiefly domestic state-owned carrier, Indian Airlines Ltd. flies passengers and cargo to 59 domestic and 16 international destinations. Its fleet numbered 52 aircraft in 2000. Indian Airlines has traditionally based its network around the four main hubs of Delhi, Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Calcutta, and Chennai (formerly Madras). The airline carries about six million passengers a year and has a substantial freight operation. Origins The Air Corporations Act of 1953 amalgamated In dia’s dozen or so airlines, most of them undercapitalized, into two nationalized air carriers: Air-India Ltd. given responsibility for international routes, and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC), the domestic airline. The eight airlines that were amalgamated into IAC included Air Services of India Ltd. , Airways (India) Ltd. , Bharat Airways Ltd. , Deccan Airways Ltd. (already 70 percent government-owned), Himalayan Aviation Ltd. , Indian National Airways Ltd. , Kalinga Airlines, Ltd. , plus the domestic operations of Air-India Ltd. IAC began operations with a fleet of 74 of the war surplus Douglas DC-3s that had founded its short-lived predecessors. The airline also had three times as many employees as it needed, writes R. E. G. Davies, a situation that was slow to change due to the government’s refusal to allow layoffs. Davies also writes that the standard of maintenance was low and the airline suffered many accidents in its early years. IAC soon moved to bolster its fleet by ordering a few new de Havilland 114 Herons, retired after only a couple of years of service, and Vickers Viscount 768s, which were assigned to trunk routes. The DC-3s continued to supply feeder traffic; they soon began to be phased out by Fokker F-27s and Avro 748s. IAC began flying short-haul jets–French-made Caravelles–in the mid-1960s. The Caravelles were so popular that IAC soon needed larger jets to on the routes between Bombay (Mumbai), Delhi, Calcutta, and Madras (Chennai) that formed the India’s domestic trunk network. IAC’s first Boeing 737s entered service in 1971. Between 1962 and 1972, IAC was called upon to support the military in several campaigns, first in skirmishes with China, and later with the wars with Pakistan that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh. Confidence and Crisis in the 1970s and 1980s IAC announced a Rs45 million loss for 1972. The next year, the company had several incidents of aircraft damage or loss. Labor unrest, high fuel costs, political burdens, and built-in inefficiencies added to the company’s problems. However, these were met with such resolve that IAC had the confidence to order its first wide-body jets, Airbus A300s, in 1975. A program to produce ground support equipment in Indian factories was part of the deal. In 1976, new routes stretched across political divisions to Kabul, Afghanistan, in the northwest, and the Maldive Islands in the south. The government allowed the formation of a few new limited service airlines in the 1970s: Air Works India, Huns Air, and Goldensun Aviation. None of them had long life spans. Around 1979, IAC dropped the word â€Å"Corporation† from its name. Another national airline, Vayudoot, was formed in 1981 and tasked with carrying feeder traffic from India’s smaller communities. Indian Airlines’ managing director, Gerry Pais, was Vayudoot’s part-time chairman. Vayudoot was serving more than 100 destinations within India by 1990. The government also set up a helicopter corporation to serve off-shore oil fields. Britain’s  Financial Times  described Indian Airlines as the world’s third largest domestic carrier in the mid-1980s. With business growing at better than ten percent a year, it was increasing its capacity. Indian Airlines ordered a dozen of the new Boeing 757s in August 1984. After Rajiv Gandhi, a former Indian Airlines pilot, became prime minister, this order was changed to Airbus A320s due to what were perceived as political reasons. However, the crash of an Indian Airlines A320 in Bangalore on February 14, 1990–the type’s second major crash globally in a two-year period–sorely tested management’s faith in the plane, which featured new fly-by-wire flight controls and electronic cockpit instrumentation. As part of a plan to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India, the state’s international carrier, two leading young industrialists were appointed to chair the boards of the two companies in autumn 1986. Neither these plans nor the new chairmen lasted very long. In 1987, Indian Airlines carried 10 million passengers and earned a profit of Rs630 million ($48 million). However, the quality of its service was facing criticism, to be heightened by the coming entry of new carriers into the market. Chronology * Key Dates: * 1953:  Indian Airlines is formed as India’s domestic airline. * 1965:  Short-haul Caravelle jets enter the fleet. * 1972:  IAC records a rare loss. * 1975:  The company orders its first widebody jets. * 1992:  India’s domestic air market is deregulated. * 1998:  Plans to merge Indian Airlines with Air-India are drawn up but not approved. 2001:  The Indian government solicits bidders for partial ownership of Indian Airlines. Additional Details * State-Owned Company * Incorporated:  1953 as Indian Airlines Corporation * Employees:  22,500 * Sales:  Rs 3,755 crore ($1 billion) (2001) * NAIC:  481111 Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation; 481112 Scheduled Freight Air Transportation; 481211 Nonsc heduled Chartered Passenger Air Transportation; 481212 Nonscheduled Chartered Freight Air Transportationhttp://www. referenceforbusiness. com/history2/65/Indian-Airlines-Ltd. html#ixzz2DAhNxQo5 How to cite History of Indian Airlines, Essay examples

Business Canvas Model of Commonwealth Bank-Samples for Students

Question: Determine the effectiveness of business model and smart-connected devices in relation with the Commonwealth Bank. Answer: Commonwealth Bank is a multinational Australian Bank headquartered in Sydney. Along with Australia, Commonwealth Bank is situated in various other parts of the globe such as New Zealand, Asia, and United States and in United Kingdom. Initially, it was founded by Australian Government but later on it was fully privatised in 1996 on listed on Australian Stock Exchange in 1991. Currently, bank has more than 1100 branches along with 51,800 employees across worldwide locations (Commonwealth bank, 2018). Commonwealth Bank is one of the largest companies in terms of revenues in global banking industry. Success and growth of an organization is dependent over its business model, business ethics and the strategies adopted to match up with the latest trends of market, to fulfil its customers needs, as well as to build an effective image amongst the competitive business environment. In this business essay, business model canvas of Commonwealth Bank will be discussed. Along with the business mode l, disruption and innovation will also be discussed in relation with the analysis of threats and opportunities of utilisation of smart-connected devices will also be covered under this business essay. This essay will help to determine the effectiveness of business model and smart-connected devices in relation with the Commonwealth Bank. Business model and disruption In order to gain success and growth for a longer period of time, organizations are required to adopt appropriate business model and disruptive techniques. Both these terms plays vital role in an organizational life-cycle. Business model describes the procedure of how an organization delivers, creates, and captures the value in correlation with the social, economic, cultural and in other contexts. Construction of business model is a crucial segment of business strategies (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). Disruptive innovation is used in the businesses to form new markets and value network and disrupts existing markets and value networks in order to enhance the productivity and efficiency. All innovations are not disruptive but all disruptions are tending to be innovations. For example: when automobiles were initially introduced in the market, it did not disrupt the market of horse-down vehicles. But when mobile phones were introduced in the market, it disrupted the whole market of other medium of communication such as landline phones, etc. It is known as disruptive innovation (Porter Heppelmann, 2014). Business model canvas framework is introduced by Osterwalder, et al. (2011) in order to combine all the components of a business together. This framework acts as the vital strategy included in the strategic management which is mainly used for developing business models. This framework includes all crucial elements of business such as products description, value propositions, resources, customers and other required resources (Osterwalder, et. al., 2011). Another aim of the business model is to perform well and in an effective manner in dynamic business conditions. All the functionalities are managed in the most appropriate manner which is required to obtain expected outcomes. Along with this, business model also helps the organization to make optimum utilisation of the available resources with the objective of delivering value to its targeted demographics (Porter Heppelmann, 2015). Along with the business model canvas framework for building the effective and result oriented business model, disruptive innovation model has also been adopted by the companies nowadays with the objective of uplifting the market image along with gaining competitive advantage. Adaptation of disruptive innovation leads to generate positive outcomes and develops unique value dimensions to serve the potential customers in the most appropriate manner (Guttentag, 2015). Some of them value dimensions served to the customers are simplicity, reduced prices; enhance quality, convenience, etc. Disruptive innovation brings unique ways for the organizations to move towards success, growth and other variables which are necessary to attain competitive advantage in the target market. In relation with the disruptive innovation technology, smart-connected devices are also growing rapidly in the market. These devices are assisting the companies to move towards automation from manual work procedure. Apa rt from this, smart-connected devices reduce chance of men-made errors and other glitches which could reduce the efficiency of an organization. With the help of disruptive technology, organizations are using smart-connected devices in their operations with the objective of enhancing the efficiency and productivity of the organization (Christensen, et. al., 2011). Software, sensors, and other technological devices which ease the organizational functionality and increase the efficiency of organization are known as smart-connected devices. Technologies help the organization to make their operation effective and quick and the same goes with smart-connected devices. These devices form a way between the customers and organization in order to share information, raising a query, etc. The data collected from these products can be then analysed to inform decision-making, enable operational efficiencies and continuously improve the performance of the product (Chesbrough, 2010). Numerous products and services are being delivered by the Commonwealth Bank to its customers. Services such as financial services, investment schemes, insurance plans, saving, current and other types of bank accounts, broking services, retirement and maturity schemes, etc. are provided by Commonwealth Bank. Major reason of organizational success and expansion in various parts of the globe is adaptation of trending techniques and effective business model (King Baatartogtokh, 2015). Apart from this, Commonwealth Banks success could also be measured by the utilisation of smart-connected devices in their operations. Certain disruptive innovations made by the team of Commonwealth Bank are smart machines, Block-chains, Internet of Things, big data and smart-chipped cards. The smart-chipped cards have unique features and provide various advantages to its users. Generally, debit cards are being used for transacting and shopping purposes but debit cards issued by Commonwealth Bank are less w ith unique safety features. These safety features saves customers of bank from fraudulent activities as well as in the scenarios of card lost, it could be deactivated easily by a mobile application only. These are certain crucial innovations made by Commonwealth bank to enhance its effectiveness (Demil Lecocq, 2010). It has been observed that smart-connected devices bring various opportunities and threats for the organization. In relation with the adaptation of smart-connected devices, Commonwealth bank has introduced smart machine in their operations which enables the bank to provide unique financial services to its potential customers across the globe. The smart-machine is introduced with the help of sensors and advanced technology which enables the bank to manage and record the information regarding transactions made by its customers (Fadlullah, et. al., 2011). This machine has the capability to manage all the branches of banks interlinked with each other. Along with these services and facilities, Commonwealth Bank also provide online banking, online account opening, and other crucial services to its customers. With the help of these technology and advancements, organization has attained growth related attributes along with an impressive growth rate (Christensen, Raynor McDonald, 2016). Along with the opportunities to grow and prosper, there are various challenges and threats linked with the usage of smart-connected devices. One of the biggest challenges is dependency over technology and automation. Due to this, manual processing of functionalities is getting declined whereas users also face certain challenges such as losing the passwords for online banking. Apart from this, old aged people are also facing challenges in order to make use these technologies (Sun, et. al., 2016). In relevance with these challenges, it is required for the management of bank to provide adequate information of using these technologies along with the procedure of recovering the passwords. The major threat of smart-connected devices is the fraudulent activities because card lost; leakage of confidential credentials of customers could lead to big loss for the bank as well as for its users. Thus, it has been recommended to the bank and its users to keep their confidential credentials in safe and secure place through which these technologies and advanced could be utilised in an optimum manner (Yu Hang, 2010). Key Partners Firms issuing credit cards Subsidiary companies in other parts of the globe Local clients in other countries Stakeholders Security providing firms Vault services providing firms Key Activities Retail banking Investment schemes Credit card facility Insurance plans Risk evaluation techniques Value Proposition Quality financial services Reliable investment schemes Customer-centric retail banking services Brand equity in banking sector, Australia Practical growth Provides services to local and small banks and financial institutions Customer Relationships Renders quality services to its customers (Harwood, et. al., 2014). Practice various functionalities in relevance with making customer relations strong Customer centric approach Takes customer feedbacks on priority Brand image Customer Segments All customer segments Business organization, government, and all people Credit card users Key Resources Wide and effective distribution network Operates from more than 1100 branches worldwide Brand image of being one of the largest banks in terms of revenues, service quality, etc. across the globe ATM Effective men-power Skilled technicians Channels Own communication channels Official website Other social media platforms Cost Structure Salaries to employees Remuneration to financial experts Administrative costs Other financial costs Maintenance, security, interest, etc. fees. Rewards and returns Revenue Streams Interest on loans Interest on credit card payments Fees for overdraft facility Debit card fees Other services fees and fees on non-maintenance of minimum balance in account. Above discussed business canvas model is adopted by Commonwealth Bank, Australia. This model has made the organization effective enough to achieve desired goals and objectives. Along with this, it has been observed that for effective management of business practices, appropriate model, structure or a framework is required. With the help of this model, organizational capabilities could also be compared with its achievements and gaps recognised could also be fulfilled in an effective and appropriate manner References Chesbrough, H., 2010. Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers.Long range planning,43(2-3), pp.354-363. Christensen, C. M., Horn, M. B., Caldera, L., Soares, L. (2011). Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education.Innosight Institute. Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., McDonald, R. (2016). What is disruptive Innovation.The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction,2. Commonwealth Bank. (2018). Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., Joiner, R. (2014). Constantly connectedThe effects of smart-devices on mental health.Computers in Human Behavior,34, 267-272.accessed from: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us.html?ei=CB-footer_about-commbank [online]. [21st April 2018]. Demil, B. and Lecocq, X., 2010. Business model evolution: in search of dynamic consistency.Long range planning,43(2-3), pp.227-246. Fadlullah, Z. M., Fouda, M. M., Kato, N., Takeuchi, A., Iwasaki, N., Nozaki, Y. (2011). Toward intelligent machine-to-machine communications in smart grid.IEEE Communications Magazine,49(4). Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector.Current issues in Tourism,18(12), 1192-1217. Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., Joiner, R. (2014). Constantly connectedThe effects of smart-devices on mental health.Computers in Human Behavior,34, 267-272. King, A. A., Baatartogtokh, B. (2015). How useful is the theory of disruptive innovation?.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), 77. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2010).Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley Sons. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Oliveira, M. A. Y., Ferreira, J. J. P. (2011). Business Model Generation: A handbook for visionaries, game changers and challengers.African journal of business management,5(7), 8918-8932. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), 64-88. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2015). How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), 96-114. Sun, Y., Song, H., Jara, A. J., Bie, R. (2016). Internet of things and big data analytics for smart and connected communities.IEEE Access,4, 766-773. Yu, D., Hang, C. C. (2010). A reflective review of disruptive innovation theory.International journal of management reviews,12(4), 435-452.

The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students

The Salem Witch Trials Essay Mr. John Hathorn, a Judge involved in the witchcraft case of Sarah Good, then asked all of the afflicted children to look upon her and see if this was the person that had hurt them so. They all gazed at Goody Good and said that this was the person that tormented thempresently they were all tormented. Puritanical beliefs had all of Salem truly believing that witches rode on broomsticks across the sky every night alongside the devil himself. They believed that these mere humans could send their specter out and haunt the children of their town. Proof of their belief follows, in an excerpt from Cotton Mathers Memorable Providences: We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Go tell Mankind, that there are Devils and Witches; and that tho those night-birds least appear where the Day-light of the Gospel comes, yet New-Engl. has had Exemples of their Existence and Operation; and that no only the Wigwams of Indians, where the pagan Powaws often raise their masters, in the shapes of Bears and Snakes and Fires, but the House of Christians, where our God has had his constant Worship, have undergone the Annoyance of Evil spirits. Go tell the world, What Prays can do beyond all Devils and Witches, and What it is that these Monsters love to do; and through the Demons in the Audience of several standers-by threatned much disgrace to thy Author, if he let thee come abroad, yet venture That, and in this way seek a just Revenge on Them for the Disturbance they have given to such as have called on the Name of God. Rebecca Nurse Goody Nurse was a highly regarded, pious pillar of the community who unfortunately could not withstand the power of hysteria. There were many reasons that Rebecca was accused, but it was mostly the hatred exhibited towards her by the Putnam family. She was against Samuel Parris as Reverend of the Salem Town Church, while the Putnam family was his friend, and her husband was at war with the Putnam family estate over some land. Rebecca exuded a saint-like presence over the dark days of the witch-hunt. After her accusation, thirty-nine of the most prominent leaders of the community signed a petition attesting to Rebeccas goodness of heart. Even one of her original accusers, Jonathan Putnam, put his name to the appeal. During her trial, Sarah Holton testified that Goody Nurse killed her husband, Benjamin, because she found his pigs in her field. In actuality, Benjamin Holton died of a heart attack three years after the pig incident. In further evidence against Nurse, Ann Putnam, Sr. , whom we have already established as being unfairly biased, testified before the court. She claimed that apparitions of Goody Nurse came to her and choked her in the night while the spirit proclaimed all of the people she had killed (the list incidentally included Benjamin Holton). Fortunately, the speculative evidence against Rebecca Nurse was not substantial enough to convict her; on June 30, the jury came back with a verdict of not guilty. The afflicted children broke out in tantrums and hideous screaming fits and Chief Justice Stoughton urged the jury to reconsider. They came back with a decision of guilty. As if this was not punishment enough, Nurse was excommunicated from her church on July 3. This proved to be most devastating to a God-fearing, pious woman. Goody Nurse, at age 71, was executed on July 19, 1692. Sarah Good Sarah Good fit the ultimate stereotype of a witch: the lonely beggar, fed up with society, arguing with anyone that would not give his or her charity. She was destined to be accused; it was only a matter of time before an accused witch, Tituba, would sacrifice her soul for her life. Tituba confessed to being a witch and named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as fellow witches. .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 , .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .postImageUrl , .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 , .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:hover , .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:visited , .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:active { border:0!important; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:active , .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4 .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06b31707f3a1a60d7f2359d54c77bdb4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tropical Rainforests EssayDuring her trial, as can be imagined many people came forward to testify against Good. Seven people testified against her general attitude; however, the most detrimental to Good was the examination of her own daughter, who confessed herself and mother as being witches. Susannah Sheldon testified as to apparitions that were seen of Mrs. Good. The following was taken, verbatim, from the original court document of her deposition: Sarah Good . The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students The Salem Witch Trials Essay Essay on the Witches in Massachusetts What evil spirit have you familiarity with? Have you made no contract with the devil? Dialogue based on the examination of Sarah Good by Judges Hawthorne and Corwin Even though Sara Good claimed that she was wrongly accused, the judges did not take her word for it. Instead they trusted the testimony of children, children who had no proof or evidence of any kind. To understand why one must look into the society in which the trials took place. It was a society where Puritanism ruled. The extreme Protestant movement who sought a purification of the English church, which of curse meant a swift and thorough elimination of all that threatened their beliefs, including witches. We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One must also remember that the power of superstition and hearsay can distort the truth. And indeed it was a time of rumors and an almost unquestionable belief in the supernatural. For Salem Villagers, Satan was a living, supernatural being who could and did appear to people, either in his own form or that of another. He could converse with mortals, bargain with them, even enter into agreements with them. The witches who submitted to such devilish compacts bargained their souls in return for special powers or favors: money and good fortune, perhaps, or the ability to revenge themselves on others. Demons at that time was as real as TV is today, and maybe that was why the ministers was so quick to believe the testimony of the children. If the demons was real then just as real was the church, and of curse the ministers could not believe that the children would lie to the church. Leave out the possibility that real witchcraft was in fact what happened, and that the children did not lie to the ministers, then how could such a tragedy occur? The deterioration of Salems social structure precipitated the murders of many innocent people. Arthur Millers depiction of The Salem Witch Trials Essay, The Crucible and later the motion picture: The Salem Witch Trials, deals with a community that starts out looking like it is tightly knit and church loving. It turns out that once Tituba starts pointing her finger at the witches, the community starts pointing their fingers at each other. Hysteria and hidden agendas break down the social structure and then everyone must protect themselves from the people that they thought were their friends. The church, legal system and the togetherness of the community died so that children could protect their families social status. Being isolated from any other group of people with different beliefs created a church led Puritan society that was not able to accept a lot of change. The church was against the devil, at the same time it was against such things as dancing and other premature acts. The reputation of the family was very important to the members of the community. When the girls were caught dancing in the woods, they lied to protect not just themselves but the reputation of their families. They claimed that the devil took them over and influenced them to dance. The girls also said that they saw members of the town standing with the devil. A community living in a puritan society like Salem could easily go into a chaotic state and have a difficult time dealing with what they consider to be the largest form of evil. Salems hysteria made the community lose faith in the spiritual beliefs that they were trying to strictly enforce. The justice system was designed to protect the people that it serves but during the trials the accused witch had two choices, death or imprisonment. The punishment of death was given to all people that pleaded not guilty; the other punishment was to plead guilty and avoid execution. Salem was turning into a ghost town. With the community turning on each other, the church loosing its respect and influence, and an unjust legal system, it is only natural that the people were in a state of total chaos. .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 , .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .postImageUrl , .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 , .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:hover , .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:visited , .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:active { border:0!important; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:active , .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1 .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f365fa771671c089330114be59d6dd1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Does Extracurricular Activities? Schools Can Be Beneficial, Right? examples Essay John Demos writes: only at Salem did any considerable number choose to convict themselves, and there, it seemed, confession was the strategy of choice if one wished to avoid . The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students The Salem Witch Trials Essay The Salem Witch Trials Essay The witch trials of the late 1600s were full of controversy and uncertainty. The Puritan town of Salem was home to most of these trials, and became the center of much attention in 1692. More than a hundred innocent people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during these times, and our American government forced over a dozen to pay with their lives. The main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economics, and fears of the citizens. Before the town of Salem became so famous for its trials, its Puritan residents moved from their English homes to escape from religious persecution. We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were two groups of people that made up the town: people who wanted to leave the town of Salem, and people who did not. Most of the families who wanted to stay lived closest to the town, and the families who wanted to leave lived further away. The families and people who wished to leave were typically farmers, and lived about eight miles from Salem Town. One of the largest families of farmers was the Putnams. The Putnams were thought of highly in the village, because they owned the most farmland. Since they wanted to separate from the town, they decided to establish their own church in 1689. Rev. Parris was the preacher at the church, and his salary was paid by the local taxes. He had a nine-year-old daughter named Betty, and a twelve year old niece named Abigail Williams. Since they lived so far away from Salem Town, there wasnt much for them to do for recreational purposes. Abigail, Betty, and two other friends decided to form a circle where they would entertain each other with stories. Rev. Parris slave, Tituba, would sometimes participate in their circle, and before long, several other girls joined their group. Tituba would tell the girls fortunes, but soon Abigail and Betty became frightened from these psychic readings. Rev. Parris thought that their unusual behavior and strange physical expressions were a sign that the girls were bewitched. At first the girls wouldnt speak about those with whom they supposedly conjured spirits, but Betty finally named Tituba. The other girls also named other people like Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good who they claimed to have seen with the devil. Since these three women had bad reputations in the town they were believable suspects of witchcraft. An investigation of the three women was set up, and John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin were sent from Salem Town to investigate the cases of witchcraft. The investigation took place in the Salem Village Meetinghouse. During the trials, when the three women were being asked questions, the girls would cry out and tumble to the floor. Even though Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne maintained their innocence throughout all of this, Tituba had decided to confess to practicing witchcraft. After the investigation, Hawthorne and Corwin decided that the three women were all guilty of witchcraft. They were all taken to a Boston jail, where Sarah Osborne would later die from natural causes. Even after the three women were taken to jail, the accusations still continued in the village. Soon, another townswoman by the name of Martha Corey was accused. Ann Putnam had accused Martha of sending her spirit out to get her. Even though Corey always attended church, she was still disliked in the village. Rebecca Nurse would be the next person to be accused of witchcraft. Even though she was a 71-year-old woman, Ann Putnam and the rest of the girls told the court that her spirit would fly into their rooms at night and torment them. When Rebecca was notified of these charges, she responded, What sin has God found in me unrepented of that he should lay such an affliction upon me in my old age? (Kent, p. 76). When the people in the village heard about her conviction, they started to discredit the word of the girls, but the accusations continued. One of the people who didnt believe the girls was a 60-year-old farmer by the name of John Proctor. His maid, Mary, started to act like the other girls, so John threatened to beat her if . The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students The Salem Witch Trials Essay Mr. John Hathorn, a Judge involved in the witchcraft case of Sarah Good, then asked all of the afflicted children to look upon her and see if this was the person that had hurt them so. They all gazed at Goody Good and said that this was the person that tormented thempresently they were all tormented. Puritanical beliefs had all of Salem truly believing that witches rode on broomsticks across the sky every night alongside the devil himself. They believed that these mere humans could send their quot;specterquot; out and haunt the children of their town. Proof of their belief follows, in an excerpt from Cotton Mathers Memorable Providences: We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Go tell Mankind, that there are Devils and Witches; and that tho those night-birds least appear where the Day-light of the Gospel comes, yet New-Engl. has had Exemples of their Existence and Operation; and that no only the Wigwams of Indians, where the pagan Powaws often raise their masters, in the shapes of Bears and Snakes and Fires, but the House of Christians, where our God has had his constant Worship, have undergone the Annoyance of Evil spirits. Go tell the world, What Prays can do beyond all Devils and Witches, and What it is that these Monsters love to do; and through the Demons in the Audience of several standers-by threatned much disgrace to thy Author, if he let thee come abroad, yet venture That, and in this way seek a just Revenge on Them for the Disturbance they have given to such as have called on the Name of God. Rebecca Nurse Goody Nurse was a highly regarded, pious pillar of the community who unfortunately could not withstand the power of hysteria. There were many reasons that Rebecca was accused, but it was mostly the hatred exhibited towards her by the Putnam family. She was against Samuel Parris as Reverend of the Salem Town Church, while the Putnam family was his friend, and her husband was at war with the Putnam family estate over some land. Rebecca exuded a saint-like presence over the dark days of the witch-hunt. After her accusation, thirty-nine of the most prominent leaders of the community signed a petition attesting to Rebeccas goodness of heart. Even one of her original accusers, Jonathan Putnam, put his name to the appeal. During her trial, Sarah Holton testified that Goody Nurse killed her husband, Benjamin, because she found his pigs in her field. In actuality, Benjamin Holton died of a heart attack three years after the pig incident. In further evidence against Nurse, Ann Putnam, Sr. , whom we have already established as being unfairly biased, testified before the court. She claimed that apparitions of Goody Nurse came to her and choked her in the night while the spirit proclaimed all of the people she had killed (the list incidentally included Benjamin Holton). Fortunately, the speculative evidence against Rebecca Nurse was not substantial enough to convict her; on June 30, the jury came back with a verdict of not guilty. The afflicted children broke out in tantrums and hideous screaming fits and Chief Justice Stoughton urged the jury to reconsider. They came back with a decision of guilty. As if this was not punishment enough, Nurse was excommunicated from her church on July 3. This proved to be most devastating to a God-fearing, pious woman. Goody Nurse, at age 71, was executed on July 19, 1692. Sarah Good Sarah Good fit the ultimate stereotype of a witch: the lonely beggar, fed up with society, arguing with anyone that would not give his or her charity. She was destined to be accused; it was only a matter of time before an accused witch, Tituba, would sacrifice her soul for her life. Tituba confessed to being a witch and named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as fellow witches. .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 , .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .postImageUrl , .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 , .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:hover , .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:visited , .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:active { border:0!important; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:active , .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289 .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1869ec27f3c5c9906c09d1c1e826e289:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf Essay ThesisDuring her trial, as can be imagined many people came forward to testify against Good. Seven people testified against her general attitude; however, the most detrimental to Good was the examination of her own daughter, who confessed herself and mother as being witches. Susannah Sheldon testified as to quot;apparitionsquot; that were seen of Mrs. Good. The following was taken, verbatim, from the original court document of her deposition: Sarah Good . The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students The Salem Witch Trials Essay The Salem Witch Trials Essay The witch trials of the late 1600s were full of controversy and uncertainty. The Puritan town of Salem was home to most of these trials, and became the center of much attention in 1692. More than a hundred innocent people were found guilty of practicing witchcraft during these times, and our American government forced over a dozen to pay with their lives. The main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economics, and fears of the citizens. Before the town of Salem became so famous for its trials, its Puritan residents moved from their English homes to escape from religious persecution. We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were two groups of people that made up the town: people who wanted to leave the town of Salem, and people who did not. Most of the families who wanted to stay lived closest to the town, and the families who wanted to leave lived further away. The families and people who wished to leave were typically farmers, and lived about eight miles from Salem Town. One of the largest families of farmers was the Putnams. The Putnams were thought of highly in the village, because they owned the most farmland. Since they wanted to separate from the town, they decided to establish their own church in 1689. Rev. Parris was the preacher at the church, and his salary was paid by the local taxes. He had a nine-year-old daughter named Betty, and a twelve year old niece named Abigail Williams. Since they lived so far away from Salem Town, there wasnt much for them to do for recreational purposes. Abigail, Betty, and two other friends decided to form a circle where they would entertain each other with stories. Rev. Parris slave, Tituba, would sometimes participate in their circle, and before long, several other girls joined their group. Tituba would tell the girls fortunes, but soon Abigail and Betty became frightened from these psychic readings. Rev. Parris thought that their unusual behavior and strange physical expressions were a sign that the girls were bewitched. At first the girls wouldnt speak about those with whom they supposedly conjured spirits, but Betty finally named Tituba. The other girls also named other people like Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good who they claimed to have seen with the devil. Since these three women had bad reputations in the town they were believable suspects of witchcraft. An investigation of the three women was set up, and John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin were sent from Salem Town to investigate the cases of witchcraft. The investigation took place in the Salem Village Meetinghouse. During the trials, when the three women were being asked questions, the girls would cry out and tumble to the floor. Even though Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne maintained their innocence throughout all of this, Tituba had decided to confess to practicing witchcraft. After the investigation, Hawthorne and Corwin decided that the three women were all guilty of witchcraft. They were all taken to a Boston jail, where Sarah Osborne would later die from natural causes. Even after the three women were taken to jail, the accusations still continued in the village. Soon, another townswoman by the name of Martha Corey was accused. Ann Putnam had accused Martha of sending her spirit out to get her. Even though Corey always attended church, she was still disliked in the village. Rebecca Nurse would be the next person to be accused of witchcraft. Even though she was a 71-year-old woman, Ann Putnam and the rest of the girls told the court that her spirit would fly into their rooms at night and torment them. When Rebecca was notified of these charges, she responded, What sin has God found in me unrepented of that he should lay such an affliction upon me in my old age? (Kent, p. 76). When the people in the village heard about her conviction, they started to discredit the word of the girls, but the accusations continued. One of the people who didnt believe the girls was a 60-year-old farmer by the name of John Proctor. His maid, Mary, started to act like the other girls, so John threatened to beat her if . The Salem witch trials Essay Example For Students The Salem witch trials Essay The Salem witch trials Essay began with the accusation of people in Salem of being witches. But the concept of witchcraft started far before these trials and false accusations occurred. In the early Christian centuries, the church was relatively tolerant of magical practices. Those who were proved to have engaged in witchcraft were required only to do penance. But in the late Middle Ages (13th century to 14th century) opposition to alleged witchcraft hardened as a result of the growing belief that all magic and miracles that did not come unambiguously from God came from the Devil and were therefore manifestations of evil. We will write a custom essay on The Salem witch trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Those who practiced simple sorcery, such as village wise women, were increasingly regarded as practitioners of diabolical witchcraft. They came to be viewed as individuals in league with Satan. Nearly all those who fell under suspicion of witchcraft were women, evidently regarded by witch-hunters as especially susceptible to the Devils blandishments. A lurid picture of the activities of witches emerged in the popular mind, including covens, or gatherings over which Satan presided; pacts with the Devil; flying broomsticks; and animal accomplices, or familiars. Although a few of these elements may represent vestiges of pre-Christian religion, the old religion probably did not persist in any organized form beyond the 14th century. The popular image of witchcraft, perhaps inspired by features of occultism or ceremonial magic as well as by theology concerning the Devil and his works of darkness, was given shape by the inflamed imagination of inquisitors and was confirmed by statements obtained under torture. The late medieval and early modern picture of diabolical witchcraft can be attributed to several causes. First, the churchs experience with such dissident religious movements as the Albigenses and Cathari, who believed in a radical dualism of good and evil, led to the belief that certain people had allied themselves with Satan. As a result of confrontations with such heresy, the Inquisition was established by a series of papal decrees between 1227 and 1235. Pope Innocent IV authorized the use of torture in 1252, and Pope Alexander IV gave the Inquisition authority over all cases of sorcery involving heresy, although local courts carried out most actual prosecution of witches. At the same time, other developments created a climate in which alleged witches were stigmatized as representatives of evil. Since the middle of the 11th century, the theological and philosophical work of scholasticism had been refining the Christian concepts of Satan and evil. Theologians, influenced by Aristotelian rationalism, increasingly denied that natural miracles could take place and therefore alleged that anything supernatural and not of God must be due to commerce with Satan or his minions (see Aristotle). Later, the Reformation, the rise of science, and the emerging modern worldall challenges to traditional religioncreated deep anxieties in the orthodox population. At the dawn of the Renaissance (15th century to 16th century) some of these developments began to coalesce into the witch craze that possessed Europe from about 1450 to 1700. During this period, thousands of people, mostly innocent women, were executed on the basis of proofs or confessions of diabolical witchcraftthat is, of sorcery practiced through allegiance to Satanobtained by means of cruel tortures. A major impetus for the hysteria was the papal bull Summis Desiderantes issued by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484. It was included as a preface in the book Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), published by two Dominican inquisitors in 1486. This work, characterized by a distinct anti-feminine tenor, vividly describes the satanic and sexual abominations of witches. The book was translated into many languages and went through many editions in both Catholic and Protestant countries, outselling all other books except the Bible. .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d , .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .postImageUrl , .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d , .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:hover , .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:visited , .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:active { border:0!important; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:active , .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c6602a6be1651a576838d2128a49a0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Endangered Species EssayIn the years of the witch-hunting mania, people were encouraged to inform against one another. Professional witch finders identified and tested suspects for evidence of witchcraft and were paid a fee for each conviction. The most common test was pricking: All witches were supposed to have somewhere on their bodies a mark, made by the Devil, that was insensitive to pain; if such a spot was found, it was regarded as proof of witchcraft. Other proofs included additional breasts (supposedly used to suckle familiars), the inability to weep, and failure in the water test. In which, a woman was thrown into a body of water; if she sank, she was considered innocent, but if she stayed afloat, she was found guilty. This test, along with the others, was obviously dumb. For if the suspected was innocent, she was dead, and if she was a witch, she would be killed. And for the body mark test, to find this so called spot meant the suspect had to be poked and pricked all over her body till a spot that didnt hurt was found. This obviously caused the suspect a great deal of pain, and if the spot was found the victim still would have gone through torture to find it. The persecution of witches declined about 1700, banished by the Age of Enlightenment, which subjected such beliefs to a skeptical eye. One of the last outbreaks of witch-hunting took place in colonial Massachusetts in 1692, when belief in diabolical witchcraft was already declining in Europe. Twenty people . The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students The Salem Witch Trials Essay Historical Overview and Brief AnalysisAmidst millenniums of debate, argument, and conflict concerning racial prejudges and those issues which surround their implementation, there has consistently existed a certain historical prejudice regarding various stereotypical ideas for those things which people can not understand or explain logically. While more contemporary examples of such circumstances include concepts such as McCarthyism, it is generally accepted that the most classic example of all such social tragedies based on fear and ignorance is that of the colonial eras Salem Witch Trials. While Mc Carthyism was illustrated as a widespread fear of communism that led the United States to pursue unnecessary investigations, imprisonments, and often unprovoked acts against those who were often only remotely accused of being a dreaded communist, the Salem witch trials led to well over a dozen executions of local women accused of practicing witchcraft and directly associating themselves with evil magic. Although the two historical periods were parallel in their nature and content, it can be argued the much earlier witch trials were the more severely inhumane and irrational as they rendered a constant trend of senseless deaths with little or no justice ever prevailing. We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Salem witch trials were held during the year 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Beginning in May of that year, the proceedings led to the hanging deaths of nineteen suspected witches and the imprisonment of many others over the five months that would follow. The courtroom episodes of those being tried for witchery were complete, and utter travesties of justice. Women were actually considered guilty as accused until proven innocent. In addition to the known hangings, other cruel forms of punishment such as the burning of witches on a stake and the slow torturous human crushings by brick are evidenced to have existed as Salems justice for their alleged witches. (Brown., Pages 37-41;43). That which is said to have initiated the trials and related hysteria has become an historical irony in our time and is the subject of many contemporary jokes and theatrical performances. Caused by the accusations of a few young girls against women in the Salem community; a special court was co nvened; and trials grew quickly into socially stereotypical prejudices regarding any women seen acting out of or performing witchery. Within time the social chaos did not even exclude Salems more prestigious women as the local governors wife was even implicated in accusations of witchcraft. The dramatic irony is re-exemplified through an examination of the young ladies who intentionally lied to a religious authority and created the spark to cause the fire. Based entirely on their beliefs and accusations, the fear and ignorance of an entire town led to hundreds of imprisonments and nearly two scores of senseless deaths. (Brown; Pp. 67-74). When community leaders did finally begin to cast doubt on evidence; special court was dissolved and those imprisoned were pardoned. Eventually indemnities were paid to the families of those killed yet of the three judges who presided over the trials, only Samuel Sewall admitted error in a public statement The Salem witch trials were clearly Americas most notorious episode of witchcraft. The actual practice of witch persecution, is not however one created in North America at all. The belief in witchcraft was carried to colonial America from Europe, where in the two centuries before 1650 thousands had been executed as witches. The Salem incident, as I wrote, began when two young girls in the household of the Reverend Samuel Parris began to behave oddly. The girls had participated in meetings at which incantations had been cast and attempts made to foretell the future. They were examined by a doctor, ministers, and magistrates, who all concluded that they were bewitched. The resulting f renzy spread rapidly and the new royal governor, Sir William Phips, established a special seven-member court in which to try the prisoners. Jurors were drawn from church membership lists, and the chained defendants had no counsel. In early June, Bridget Bishop was convicted. A brief delay followed because somejudges were uneasy about the validity of spectral evidence such as testimony givenby witnesses about voices or apparitions perceived only by them. The trials were resumed after several leading ministers advised the court The Salem witch trials Essay Example For Students The Salem witch trials Essay The Salem witch trials Essay began with the accusation of people in Salem of being witches. But the concept of witchcraft started far before these trials and false accusations occurred. In the early Christian centuries, the church was relatively tolerant of magical practices. Those who were proved to have engaged in witchcraft were required only to do penance. But in the late Middle Ages (13th century to 14th century) opposition to alleged witchcraft hardened as a result of the growing belief that all magic and miracles that did not come unambiguously from God came from the Devil and were therefore manifestations of evil. We will write a custom essay on The Salem witch trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Those who practiced simple sorcery, such as village wise women, were increasingly regarded as practitioners of diabolical witchcraft. They came to be viewed as individuals in league with Satan. Nearly all those who fell under suspicion of witchcraft were women, evidently regarded by witch-hunters as especially susceptible to the Devils blandishments. A lurid picture of the activities of witches emerged in the popular mind, including covens, or gatherings over which Satan presided; pacts with the Devil; flying broomsticks; and animal accomplices, or familiars. Although a few of these elements may represent vestiges of pre-Christian religion, the old religion probably did not persist in any organized form beyond the 14th century. The popular image of witchcraft, perhaps inspired by features of occultism or ceremonial magic as well as by theology concerning the Devil and his works of darkness, was given shape by the inflamed imagination of inquisitors and was confirmed by statements obtained under torture. The late medieval and early modern picture of diabolical witchcraft can be attributed to several causes. First, the churchs experience with such dissident religious movements as the Albigenses and Cathari, who believed in a radical dualism of good and evil, led to the belief that certain people had allied themselves with Satan. As a result of confrontations with such heresy, the Inquisition was established by a series of papal decrees between 1227 and 1235. Pope Innocent IV authorized the use of torture in 1252, and Pope Alexander IV gave the Inquisition authority over all cases of sorcery involving heresy, although local courts carried out most actual prosecution of witches. At the same time, other developments created a climate in which alleged witches were stigmatized as representatives of evil. Since the middle of the 11th century, the theological and philosophical work of scholasticism had been refining the Christian concepts of Satan and evil. Theologians, influenced by Aristotelian rationalism, increasingly denied that natural miracles could take place and therefore alleged that anything supernatural and not of God must be due to commerce with Satan or his minions (see Aristotle). Later, the Reformation, the rise of science, and the emerging modern worldall challenges to traditional religioncreated deep anxieties in the orthodox population. At the dawn of the Renaissance (15th century to 16th century) some of these developments began to coalesce into the witch craze that possessed Europe from about 1450 to 1700. During this period, thousands of people, mostly innocent women, were executed on the basis of proofs or confessions of diabolical witchcraftthat is, of sorcery practiced through allegiance to Satanobtained by means of cruel tortures. A major impetus for the hysteria was the papal bull Summis Desiderantes issued by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484. It was included as a preface in the book Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), published by two Dominican inquisitors in 1486. This work, characterized by a distinct anti-feminine tenor, vividly describes the satanic and sexual abominations of witches. The book was translated into many languages and went through many editions in both Catholic and Protestant countries, outselling all other books except the Bible. .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 , .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .postImageUrl , .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 , .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:hover , .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:visited , .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:active { border:0!important; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:active , .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8 .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14f3daebd811745c843dd98f684986c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Human Rights EssayIn the years of the witch-hunting mania, people were encouraged to inform against one another. Professional witch finders identified and tested suspects for evidence of witchcraft and were paid a fee for each conviction. The most common test was pricking: All witches were supposed to have somewhere on their bodies a mark, made by the Devil, that was insensitive to pain; if such a spot was found, it was regarded as proof of witchcraft. Other proofs included additional breasts (supposedly used to suckle familiars), the inability to weep, and failure in the water test. In which, a woman was thrown into a body of water; if she sank, she was considered innocent, but if she stayed afloat, she was found guilty. This test, along with the others, was obviously dumb. For if the suspected was innocent, she was dead, and if she was a witch, she would be killed. And for the body mark test, to find this so called spot meant the suspect had to be poked and pricked all over her body till a spot that didnt hurt was found. This obviously caused the suspect a great deal of pain, and if the spot was found the victim still would have gone through torture to find it. The persecution of witches declined about 1700, banished by the Age of Enlightenment, which subjected such beliefs to a skeptical eye. One of the last outbreaks of witch-hunting took place in colonial Massachusetts in 1692, when belief in diabolical witchcraft was already declining in Europe. Twenty people . The Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students The Salem Witch Trials Essay The Salem Witch Trials Essay Mr. John Hathorn, a Judge involved in the witchcraft case of Sarah Good, then asked all of the afflicted children to look upon her and see if this was the person that had hurt them so. They all gazed at Goody Good and said that this was the person that tormented thempresently they were all tormented. Puritanical beliefs had all of Salem truly believing that witches rode on broomsticks across the sky every night alongside the devil himself. They believed that these mere humans could send their specter out and haunt the children of their town. We will write a custom essay on The Salem Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Proof of their belief follows, in an excerpt from Cotton Mathers Memorable Providences: Go tell Mankind, that there are Devils and Witches; and that tho those night-birds least appear where the Day-light of the Gospel comes, yet New-Engl. has had Exemples of their Existence and Operation; and that no only the Wigwams of Indians, where the pagan Powaws often raise their masters, in the shapes of Bears and Snakes and Fires, but the House of Christians, where our God has had his constant Worship, have undergone the Annoyance of Evil spirits. Go tell the world, What Prays can do beyond all Devils and Witches, and What it is that these Monsters love to do; and through the Demons in the Audience of several standers-by threatned much disgrace to thy Author, if he let thee come abroad, yet venture That, and in this way seek a just Revenge on Them for the Disturbance they have given to such as have called on the Name of God. Rebecca Nurse Goody Nurse was a highly regarded, pious pillar of the community who unfortunately could not withstand the power of hysteria. There were many reasons that Rebecca was accused, but it was mostly the hatred exhibited towards her by the Putnam family. She was against Samuel Parris as Reverend of the Salem Town Church, while the Putnam family was his friend, and her husband was at war with the Putnam family estate over some land. Rebecca exuded a saint-like presence over the dark days of the witch-hunt. After her accusation, thirty-nine of the most prominent leaders of the community signed a petition attesting to Rebeccas goodness of heart. Even one of her original accusers, Jonathan Putnam, put his name to the appeal. During her trial, Sarah Holton testified that Goody Nurse killed her husband, Benjamin, because she found his pigs in her field. In actuality, Benjamin Holton died of a heart attack three years after the pig incident. In further evidence against Nurse, Ann Putnam, Sr. , whom we have already established as being unfairly biased, testified before the court. She claimed that apparitions of Goody Nurse came to her and choked her in the night while the spirit proclaimed all of the people she had killed (the list incidentally included Benjamin Holton). Fortunately, the speculative evidence against Rebecca Nurse was not substantial enough to convict her; on June 30, the jury came back with a verdict of not guilty. The afflicted children broke out in tantrums and hideous screaming fits and Chief Justice Stoughton urged the jury to reconsider. They came back with a decision of guilty. As if this was not punishment enough, Nurse was excommunicated from her church on July 3. This proved to be most devastating to a God-fearing, pious woman. Goody Nurse, at age 71, was executed on July 19, 1692. Sarah Good Sarah Good fit the ultimate stereotype of a witch: the lonely beggar, fed up with society, arguing with anyone that would not give his or her charity. She was destined to be accused; it was only a matter of time before an accused witch, Tituba, would sacrifice her soul for her life. Tituba confessed to being a witch and named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as fellow witches. .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 , .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .postImageUrl , .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 , .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:hover , .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:visited , .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:active { border:0!important; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:active , .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006 .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec77229e038ad1a47b5950c6cdeb9006:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The cuban mile EssayDuring her trial, as can be imagined many people came forward to testify against Good. Seven people testified against her general attitude; however, the most detrimental to Good was the examination of her own daughter, who confessed herself and mother as being witches. Susannah Sheldon testified as to apparitions that were seen of Mrs. Good. The following was taken, verbatim, from the original court .

Crime and Victimization

Crime and Victimization The data received as a result of the crime and victimization surveys state that the rates of crime and victimization in the United States are different depending on many factors which are the demographic factors, the size of the communities and population, the economic factors, and the role of federal, state, and local agencies to prevent and overcome crimes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Victimization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, to understand the issue, it is necessary to study the theories of victimization and crimes with references to the real-world examples. Theories of victimization are developed to answer such questions as why some persons become the victims of crime more often than the other persons, why victims are often discussed as provoking the offenders’ behavior, and how the notions of ‘crime’ and ‘victim’ are correlated. The social proce ss or lifestyle theory is designed to answer these questions with references to the specifics of the victim’s position in the social structure, victim’s interactions with people, and victim’s lifestyle and behaviors. Following this theory’s assumptions, it is possible to state that the representatives of the low-income families who have problems in their interactions with the family, friends, and colleagues become the victims of crimes more often because of living in the threatening environments and because of the persons’ lifestyle. The example which can be used to support this theory is Robertson v. U.S. ex rel. Watson (May, 2010). The case is associated with domestic violence. In 1999, Wykenna Watson became the victim of assaulting caused by her then-boyfriend, John Robertson. Watson received the protective order prohibiting Robertson from approaching her in 100 feet. However, the order and a list of others were violated by Robertson (Robertson v. U.S. ex rel. Watson, 2010). That is why, the case was revised during several years.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The independent witnesses pay attention to the fact that the problem is in the behavior of Watson and Robertson who are inclined to interact aggressively, while violating social and legal norms, thus, the behavior of Watson as a victim can be analyzed with references to the social process or lifestyle theory (Robertson v. U.S. ex rel. Watson, 2010). One of the most shocking examples of criminal activities observed in Ohio is the kidnappings realized by Ariel Castro in Cleveland, Ohio. More than ten years ago, Ariel Castro kidnapped three girls Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry, and Georgina DeJesus who were hidden in the house by Ariel Castro. The man was arrested only in 2013. The case was discussed in the Municipal Court of Cleveland, Ohio, but the federal a nd state agencies also actively participated in the discussion of the case because of the necessity to resolve the case of kidnapping effectively and to propose the adequate sentence for Ariel Castro (Prosecutor: Ariel Castro could face death penalty, 2013). As a result of the prolonged legal process, Ariel Castro was sentenced to life in prison. The sentence was based on the discussion of kidnapping and rape as the most severe criminal activities according to the laws of the United States. However, Ariel Castro committed suicide after a month of being imprisoned. Such cases as Ariel Castro’s one should be discussed as a result of the effective cooperation between the local, state, and federal agencies because of the necessity to develop the strategies for preventing the similar cases in the future. The kidnapping and rape as the severe criminal activities should be punished accordingly, and the task of the courts and juries is to provide the most effective decisions in relat ion to such problematic cases. The recent incident of crime observed in Washington, DC, is the double homicide near the campus of the Howard University (D.C. police investigating double homicide near Howard University campus, 2014). On January 20, 2014, two persons were killed, and the investigation process is continuing. The incident terrified the public of Washington, DC, and made the police act more effectively in relation to preventing similar incidents in the future (D.C. police investigating double homicide near Howard University campus, 2014).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Victimization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to make the community of Washington, DC, safer and to reduce the situations when people can become the victims of such a homicide, it is necessary to improve the work of the patrol services in the streets of Washington, DC. The improvements are necessary to change the appro ach to scheduling the work of policemen and to providing the policemen with the necessary resources. Much attention should be paid to the development of the services of immediate reactions to crimes. Thus, the changes should cover the work of 911 services in order to contribute to the positive results of the policemen’ work. Furthermore, the investigation process should be also improved because it is necessary to involve more people in working at the case in order to guarantee the better results. Crime and victimization as the controversial issues which should be actively discussed in the jurisdiction process in order to respond to the victimization theories and to develop the strategies for preventing and overcoming different types of criminal activities. References D.C. police investigating double homicide near Howard University campus. (2014). Web. Prosecutor: Ariel Castro could face death penalty. (2013). Web. Robertson v. U.S. ex rel. Watson. (2010). Web.

The Assassination of Beatles Legend John Lennon

The Assassination of Beatles Legend John Lennon John Lennon - a founding member of the Beatles, and one of the most beloved and famous music legends of all time - died on December 8, 1980, after being shot four times by a crazed fan in the carriageway of his New York City apartment building. Many of the events that led to his tragic and untimely death remain unclear and decades after his murder, people still struggle to understand what motivated his killer, 25-year-old Mark David Chapman, to pull the trigger on that fateful night.   Lennon in the 1970s The Beatles were arguably the most successful and influential group of the 1960s, perhaps of all time. Nevertheless, after spending a decade at the top of the charts, producing hit after hit, the band called it quits in 1970, and all four of its members – John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr moved on to launch solo careers. Throughout the early ‘70s, Lennon recorded several albums and produced hits like the instant classic Imagine. He had moved permanently to New York City with his wife Yoko Ono and taken up residence at the Dakota, a fancy, old apartment building located at the northwest corner of 72nd Street and Central Park West. The Dakota was known for housing many celebrities. By the mid-1970s, however, Lennon had given up music. And though he claimed he did so to become a stay-at-home dad to his newborn son, Sean, many of his fans, as well as the media, speculated the singer might have sunk into a creative slump. Several articles published during this period painted the former Beatle as a recluse and a has-been, who seemed more interested in managing his millions and holing up in his decadent New York apartment than in writing songs. One of these articles, published in Esquire in 1980, would prompt a pudgy, disturbed young man from Hawaii, to travel to New York City and commit murder. Mark David Chapman: From Drugs to Jesus Mark David Chapman was born in Fort Worth, Texas on May 10, 1955, but lived in Decatur, Georgia from the age of seven. Mark’s dad, David Chapman, was in the Air Force, and his mom, Diane Chapman, was a nurse. A sister was born seven years after Mark. From the outside, the Chapmans looked like a typical American family; however, inside, there was trouble. Mark’s dad, David, was an emotionally distant man, not showing his emotions even to his son.   Worse, David would often hit Diane. Mark could often hear his mom screaming, but was unable to stop his dad.   In school, Mark, who was a bit pudgy and not good at sports, was picked on and called names. All these feelings of helplessness led to Mark having strange fantasies, starting very early on in his childhood. By the age of 10, he was imagining and interacting with an entire civilization of tiny people he believed lived inside the walls of his bedroom. He would have imaginary interactions with these little people and later came to see them as his subjects and himself as their king. This fantasy continued until Chapman was 25, the same year he gunned down John Lennon. Chapman managed to keep such strange tendencies to himself, however, and seemed like a normal youngster to those who knew him. Like many who grew up in the 1960s, Chapman was swept up in the spirit of the times and by age 14, was even using heavy drugs like LSD on a regular basis. At age 17, however, Chapman suddenly proclaimed himself a born-again Christian. He renounced drugs and the hippie lifestyle and began attending prayer meetings and going to religious retreats.   Many of his friends at the time claimed the change came so suddenly they saw it as a type of personality split.    Soon after, Chapman became a counselor at the YMCA- a job he relished with fervent devotion- and would remain there into his twenties. He was highly popular with the kids in his care; he dreamed of becoming a YMCA director and working abroad as a Christian missionary. Problems Despite his successes, Chapman was undisciplined and lacking in ambition. He briefly attended community college in Decatur but soon dropped out due to the pressures of academic work. He subsequently traveled to Beirut, Lebanon as a YMCA counselor, only to be forced to leave when war broke out in that country. And after a brief stint at a camp for Vietnamese refugees in Arkansas, Chapman decided to give school another try. In 1976, Chapman enrolled at a religious college under the encouragement of his girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship, who was very devout and whom he had known since the second grade. However, he lasted only one semester before dropping out once more. Chapman’s failures at school caused his personality to undergo yet another drastic change. He began to question his purpose in life and his devotion to his faith.   His changing moods also put a strain on his relationship with Jessica  and they broke up soon after. Chapman became increasingly despondent about these events in his life. He saw himself as a failure at everything he tried and frequently spoke of suicide. His friends were concerned for him, but could never have anticipated what this shift in Chapman’s temperament portended. Down a Dark Path Chapman was looking for a change and at the encouragement of his friend Dana Reeves- an aspiring policeman- decided to take shooting lessons and obtain a license to carry firearms. Soon after, Reeves managed to find Chapman a job as a security guard. But Chapman’s dark moods continued. He decided he needed to change his surroundings and moved to Hawaii in 1977, where he did attempt suicide but failed, ending up at a psychiatric facility. After two weeks as an outpatient there, he obtained a job in the hospital’s print shop and even volunteered on occasion in the psych ward. On a whim, Chapman decided to take a trip around the world. He fell in love with Gloria Abe, the travel agent who helped book his round-the-world trip. The two frequently corresponded through letters and upon returning to Hawaii, Chapman asked Abe to become his wife. The couple married in the summer of 1979. Although Chapman’s life seemed to be improving, his downward spiral continued and his increasingly erratic behavior concerned his new wife. Abe claimed Chapman began drinking heavily, was abusive towards her and would frequently make threatening phone calls to complete strangers. His temper was short and he was prone to violent outbursts and would engage in screaming matches with his coworkers. Abe also noticed Chapman became increasingly obsessed with JD Salinger’s seminal 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye It is unclear when exactly Chapman discovered Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, but one thing is for certain, by the late ‘70s it was beginning to have a profound effect on him. He identified deeply with the book’s protagonist, Holden Caulfield, an adolescent who railed against the seeming phoniness of the adults around him. In the book, Caulfield identified with children and saw himself as their savior from adulthood. Chapman came to see himself as a real-life Holden Caulfield. He even told his wife he wanted to change his name to Holden Caulfield and would rage about the phoniness of people and of celebrities in particular. Hatred of John Lennon In October of 1980, Esquire magazine published a profile on John Lennon, which portrayed the former Beatle as a drug-addled millionaire recluse who had lost touch with his fans and his music. Chapman read the article with increasing anger and came to see Lennon as the ultimate hypocrite and a â€Å"phony† of the very type described in Salinger’s novel. He began reading everything he could about John Lennon, even making tapes of Beatles’ songs, which he would play over and over for his wife, changing the tapes’ speed and direction. He would listen to them while sitting nude in the dark, chanting, â€Å"John Lennon, I’m going to kill you, you phony bastard!† When Chapman discovered Lennon was planning to release a new album- his first in five years- his mind was made up. He would fly to New York City and shoot the singer. Preparing for the Assassination Chapman quit his job and bought a .38-caliber revolver from a gun shop in Honolulu. He then bought a one-way ticket to New York, told his wife goodbye, and departed, arriving in New York City on October 30, 1980. Chapman checked into the Waldorf Astoria, the same hotel Holden Caulfield stayed at in The Catcher in the Rye, and set about seeing some sights. He frequently stopped at the Dakota to ask the doormen there about John Lennon’s whereabouts, without luck. The employees at the Dakota were used to fans asking such questions and generally refused to divulge any information about the various celebrities who resided in the building. Chapman had brought his revolver to New York but figured he would buy bullets once he arrived. He now learned only residents of the city could legally purchase bullets there. Chapman thus flew down to his former home in Georgia for the weekend, where his old buddy Dana Reeves- by now a sheriff’s deputy- could help him procure what he needed.    Chapman told Reeves he had been staying in New York, was concerned for his safety, and needed five hollow-nosed bullets, known for causing immense damage to their target. Now armed with gun and bullets, Chapman returned to New York; however, after all this time, Chapman’s resolve had diminished. He later claimed that he had a type of religious experience that convinced him what he was planning was wrong. He called his wife and told her, for the first time, what he had planned to do. Gloria Abe was frightened by Chapman’s confession. However, she did not call the police but simply implored her husband to return home to Hawaii. He did so on Nov. 12. Chapman’s change of heart did not last long. His strange behavior continued and on Dec. 5, 1980, he once again departed for New York. This time, he would not be back. Second Trip to New York Upon his second trip to New York, Chapman checked into a local YMCA, because it was cheaper than a regular hotel room. However, he was not comfortable there and checked into the Sheraton Hotel on December 7. He made daily trips to the Dakota building, where he befriended several other John Lennon fans, as well as the building’s doorman, Jose Perdomo, whom he would pepper with questions about Lennon’s whereabouts. At the Dakota, Chapman also befriended an amateur photographer from New Jersey named Paul Goresh, who was a regular at the building and well known to the Lennons. Goresh chatted with Chapman and would later comment how little Chapman seemed to know about John Lennon and the Beatles, considering he had claimed to be such an avid fan. Chapman would visit the Dakota regularly over the next two days, hoping each time to run into Lennon and commit his crime. Dec. 8, 1980 On the morning of Dec. 8, Chapman dressed warmly. Before leaving his room he carefully arranged some of his most treasured belongings on a table. Among these items was a copy of the New Testament in which he had written the name â€Å"Holden Caulfield† as well as the name â€Å"Lennon† after the words â€Å"Gospel According to John.†Ã‚   He arranged the items for maximum effect, expecting the police to come looking through his room after his arrest. After leaving the hotel, he bought a fresh copy of The Catcher in the Rye and wrote the words â€Å"This is my statement† on its title page. Chapman’s plan had been to say nothing to police after the shooting, but to simply hand them a copy of the book by way of explaining his actions. Carrying the book and a copy of Lennon’s latest album Double Fantasy, Chapman then made his way to the Dakota where he stood chatting with Paul Goresh. At one point, a Lennon associate, Helen Seaman, arrived with Lennon’s five-year-old son Sean in tow. Goresh introduced Chapman to them as a fan who had come all the way from Hawaii. Chapman seemed elated and gushed about how cute the boy was. John Lennon, meanwhile, was having a busy day inside the Dakota. After posing with Yoko Ono for famous photographer Annie Leibovitz, Lennon got a haircut and gave his last ever interview, which was to Dave Sholin, a DJ from San Francisco. By 5 p.m. Lennon realized he was running late and needed to get over to the recording studio. Sholin offered the Lennons a ride in his limo since their own car had not yet arrived. Upon exiting the Dakota, Lennon was met by Paul Goresh, who introduced him to Chapman. Chapman handed over his copy of Double Fantasy for Lennon to sign. The star took the album, scribbled his signature, and handed it back.   The moment was captured by Paul Goresh and the resulting photograph- one of the last ever taken of John Lennon- shows a profile of the Beatle as he signs Chapman’s album, with the killer’s shadowy, deadpan face looming in the background. With that, Lennon entered the limo and headed for the studio. It is unclear why Chapman did not take that opportunity to kill John Lennon. He later recalled he was waging an inner battle. However, his obsession with killing Lennon did not abate. Shooting John Lennon Despite Chapman’s inner misgivings, the urge to shoot the singer was too overwhelming.   Chapman remained at the Dakota well after Lennon and most of the fans had left, waiting for the Beatle to return.    The limo carrying Lennon and Yoko Ono arrived back at the Dakota around 10:50 p.m. Yoko exited the vehicle first, followed by John. Chapman greeted Ono with a simple â€Å"Hello† as she passed. As Lennon passed him, Chapman heard a voice inside his head urging him on: â€Å"Do it! Do it! Do it!† Chapman stepped into the carriageway of the Dakota, dropped to his knees, and fired two shots into John Lennon’s back. Lennon reeled. Chapman then pulled the trigger three more times. Two of those bullets landed in Lennon’s shoulder. The third went astray. Lennon managed to run into the Dakota’s lobby and clamber up the few steps leading to the building’s office, where he finally collapsed. Yoko Ono followed Lennon inside, screaming he’d been shot. The Dakota’s night man thought it was all a joke until he saw the blood pouring from Lennon’s mouth and chest. The night man promptly called 911 and covered Lennon with his uniform jacket. John Lennon Dies When the police arrived, they found Chapman sitting beneath the gate’s lantern calmly reading Catcher in the Rye. The killer made no attempt to escape and repeatedly apologized to the officers for the trouble he had caused. They promptly handcuffed Chapman and placed him in a nearby patrol car. The officers did not know the victim was the famous John Lennon. They simply determined his wounds were too serious to wait for an ambulance. They placed Lennon in the backseat of one of their patrol cars and drove him to the emergency room at Roosevelt Hospital. Lennon was still alive but barely able to respond to the officers’ questions. The hospital was made aware of Lennon’s arrival and had a trauma team at the ready. They worked diligently to save Lennon’s life, but to no avail. Two of the bullets had pierced his lungs, while a third had hit his shoulder and then ricocheted inside his chest where it had damaged the aorta and cut his windpipe. John Lennon died at 11:07 pm on the night of December 8, due to massive internal hemorrhaging. Aftermath The news of Lennon’s death broke during ABC’s televised Monday night football game when sportscaster Howard Cosell announced the tragedy in the middle of a play. Soon after, fans from all over the city arrived at the Dakota, where they held vigil for the slain singer. As the news spread around the world, the public was shocked. It seemed a brutal, bloody end to the ‘60s. Mark David Chapman’s trial was short, as he had pled guilty to second-degree murder, claiming God had told him to do so.  When asked at his sentencing if he wanted to make a final statement, Chapman stood up and read a passage from Catcher in the Rye. The judge sentenced him to 20-years-to-life and Chapman remains imprisoned to this day, having lost several appeals for his parole.